“Does Strengthening the Property Rights of Employee Inventors Spur Innovation? Empirical Evidence on “Freedom to Create” Laws Passed by U.S. States”
By Shashwat Alok, Krishnamurthy Subramanian
Journal of Law and Economics
Citation
Alok, Shashwat., Subramanian, Krishnamurthy. (2022). “Does Strengthening the Property Rights of Employee Inventors Spur Innovation? Empirical Evidence on “Freedom to Create” Laws Passed by U.S. States” Journal of Law and Economics .
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Journal of Law and Economics, 2022
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Abstract
We show that strengthening the property rights of employees fosters innovation when firms can hold up their employees. We use staggered enactment of ”freedom to create” statutes by U.S. states, which provided employees property rights over blue-sky innovations, as a natural experiment to conduct difference-in-differences tests. Motivated by Property Rights Theory, we predict that blue-sky innovations would increase because firms are more likely to hold up innovative employees post blue-sky innovations than vice versa. Arguing complementarity between generic and firm-specific effort/investment, we also predict increases in firm-specific innovations. Using synthetic controls to compare like-for-like, we analyze at three levels of aggregation with varying sets of fixed effects: state, state-industry, and firm. We find a 17.8% increase in blue sky innovations measured as first-time patenting post the law change by new, private firms. Firm-specific innovations by incumbent firms rise by 13.8%. No change in university or unassigned patents rules out placebo effects.

Shashwat Alok is an Associate Professor of Finance at the Indian School of Business (ISB). He joined ISB in 2013 after receiving his PhD in Finance from the Olin Business School, Washington University in St. Louis. He is currently the Research Director at the Digital Identity Research Initiative.

His primary research interests are in the areas of corporate finance. In particular, his research focuses on understanding the impact of the law, government policy, and institutions on firms and individual behaviour, with a greater focus on emerging markets. His recent work seeks to examine the role of alternative data and fintech in expanding financial inclusion, and the impact of climate change on firms and capital allocation.

Professor Alok is the recipient of multiple prestigious grants, and his work has been accepted at leading international conferences such as those hosted by the American Finance Association, the Asian Bureau of Finance and Economic Research, the European Finance Association, and the Financial Intermediation Research Society. His research has been published or accepted in top academic journals such as the Review of Financial Studies, Management Science, and the Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis. Prof Alok's research has been cited by the Indian Economic Survey (2018-2019) and the Reserve Bank of India's Household Finance Committee Report (2017). His research has also featured in major Indian media outlets, including the Economic Times and the Times of India.

Before joining the PhD programme, he graduated among the top of his class in Computer Science and Engineering from the Manipal University. He was the recipient of the Hubert C. Moog Scholar for academic excellence while pursuing his PhD at the Washington University in St Louis.

Shashwat Alok
Shashwat Alok

K. V. Subramanian is a Professor of Finance (currently on leave) at the Indian School of Business (ISB). He has served as an Executive Director at the International Monetary Fund and was the 17th Chief Economic Advisor to the Government of India from 2018 to 2021.

As Chief Economic Advisor, Professor Subramanian conceptualised India’s economic policy during the once-in-a-century COVID-19 pandemic. By correctly identifying COVID-19 as a huge supply-side shock, Professor Subramanian balanced supply- and demand-side measures, transformed fiscal policy to focus on public capital expenditure, and initiated path-breaking reforms to address structural problems. His foresight and vision enabled the Indian economy to emerge with high growth and strong macro fundamentals despite the Ukraine war following the pandemic.

His policy ideas drew on the path-breaking Economic Surveys. He authored Ethical Wealth Creation for a Prosperous India (2019-20), a Strategic Blueprint for India to Become a $5 Trillion Economy (2018-19), and the post-COVID-19 economy using public capital expenditures in infrastructure and healthcare to further counter-cyclical fiscal policy (2020-21). Acknowledging his contributions, the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, Shri. Narendra Modi, praised his “academic brilliance, unique perspectives on economic and policy matters, and reformatory zeal.”

Professor Subramanian has been conferred the Distinguished Alumnus award by both his alma maters at IIT Kanpur and IIM Calcutta. He holds a PhD from the University of Chicago. His research spanning banking, law and finance, innovation and economic growth, and corporate governance has been published in the world's leading academic journals.

Krishnamurthy Subramanian
Krishnamurthy Subramanian